NOTES Hrw
1. Edwards Launches Plan to Boost Ethanol Use, Yahoo News, May 31, 2007, energy_dc_2, accessed June 28, 2007. 2. A site promoting the DOE's Biomass Multi Year Program Plan, www1. eere.energy.gov biomass , accessed 1 June, 2007. 3. A. Barrionuevo, A Bet on Ethanol, With a Convert at the Helm, New York Times, October 8, 2006. 4. Broin is POET, www.poetenergy.com news media.asp, accessed July 13, 2007. 5. http tinyurl.com ypdaxc, accessed July 13, 2007. 6. Multi Year Program Plan 2007-2012, August...
The Lure Of The Supply Side
It is no coincidence that the so-called New Economy and its neoliberal ideology is based on and calls for supply side answers to any economic problem. When these do not work the New Economy answer is demand destruction, after which reduced supply is supposed to satisfy the reduced demand. In fact this only transfers demand to the future. The best example of this is Russia's economic collapse in the 1991-96 period, during which demand destruction for oil and gas was very intense, with about a 45...
NOTES Uvm
1. See Roger D. Blanchard, The Impact of Declining Major North Sea Oil Fields Upon Norwegian and United Kingdom Oil Production, www.dieoff. org page180.htm. 2. UN PIN population BP Statistical Review of World Energy ES EIA OECD IEA. 3. The Club of Paris, made up of 19 lender countries the US, Japan, 13 EU countries, Norway and Switzerland, Russia, and Canada , has the remit to negotiate, strictly in private, conditions relating to public bilateral debt of developing countries and their...
Info Lwm
1930 1940 1950 I960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Conventional Non-Conventional Figure 4.9 Russian production The Caspian chimera See also, Chapter 6. The Caspian is the oldest oil province in the world, where the Tsars established an oil monopoly even before Col. Drake drilled his famous well in Pennsylvania. The activities have been concentrated on the shores of the Caspian, especially around 1930 1940 1950 I960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Conventional...
Ocean currents
Ocean currents, such as the Florida Current, the part of the Gulf Stream flowing northward past the Florida peninsula, carry enormous quantities of kinetic energy in their motion. There have been several proposals to develop this resource, to place ocean turbines in the strongest of currents and feed the energy generated to population centers onshore. According to Practical Ocean Energy Management Systems, Inc., The first large ocean-system proposal is for a 2.4-mile system that would link...
NOTES Vff
1. Although President Hugo Chavez's speech at the 60th General Assembly of the United Nations in New York on September 15, 2005 isn't specifically cited in this chapter, it was treated as very important in several of the documents referenced below. 2. Nicolas Lehoucq, La red finition du r le g opolitique V n zuelien, Institut d' tude des Relations Internationales Paris, www.memoireonline. accessed September 21, 2007. Translated here by S.M. Newman. 3. All hydrocarbon liquids 2.htm. 4. For...
The Moral Dilemma
Do the industrial countries owe anything to those in underdeveloped countries living lives of misery Will the industrial world be willing to alter its own system to benefit the starving billions elsewhere How much should the industrialized countries be willing to sacrifice for the sake of the underdeveloped world Is it moral to conclude that we should not make such sacrifices, or is the very question born of a fallacious understanding of what it takes to live well These are serious questions...
NOTES Cak
1. This chapter is an update of a very much longer article, Food and Energy in Japan - How Will Japan Feed itself in the 21st Century 2000 , which can be found at www9.ocn.ne.jp aslan fande21e.htm. See that article for more references, a bibliography, more complex data, and detailed discussion of the issues involved. 2. Eisuke Ishikawa, 2050 is the Edo Period, Kodansha, 1998 in Japanese henceforth denoted by J . 3. Japan Reference, JREF, Edo Period, www.jref.com culture edo_period_ era.shtml....
Conclusion
It is not certain that Darwin got it exactly right with his view of the survival of the fittest. The experience of 500 million years of life on the planet is that species adapted to certain environmental niches and proliferated, only to die out when the environment changed. The limpet, Lingula, which prefers a simple life attached to rocks washed by the waves, has survived unchanged since the Cambrian, but more advanced types and forms of life came and went. Man of human appearance arrived only...
ENERGY USED FOR PRODUCTION OF NUCLEAR POWER EROEI Separation enriching process
Uranium ore yellowcake contains approximately 0.1-0.25 percent of actual uranium oxides. Naturally occurring uranium tends to contain about 0.7 percent uranium-235 U-235 and the rest uranium-238 U-238 . U-238 is not fissile but it is fertile, which means it has the potential to become fissile U-235 in an artificial process of neutron bombardment breeding . U-235 can maintain the fission process in a chain reaction without requiring supplementary neutron bombardment. Breeder reactors are...
Statistics Which Indicate Widespread Decline In Economic Growth From
Not all economic statistics give the false impression that every day everything is getting better and better. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD economist Angus Maddison, for instance, developed a comparative quantitative framework for estimating economic growth across nations and regions going back to 1820.4 His statistics have an historic basis and use social as well as material indicators. They measure units of purchasing power rather than currency exchange rates.5...
Illusions Of Tritium Selfsufficiency
In fact, a self-sustained tritium fusion chain appears to be not simply problematic but absolutely impossible. To see why, we will now look into some details based on what is already known about this problem. A central quantity for any fission reactor is its criticality, namely that exactly one neutron, out of the two to three neutrons liberated per fission reaction, will enable another nuclear fission reaction. More than 99 percent of the liberated fission energy is taken by the heavy fission...
Population Growth And Oil Production Statistics
World population increased between 1979 and 2003 by about 44 percent.7 Global per capita oil production peaked in 1979 at 0.73 tonnes US metric tons, or 1,000 kg per person then dropped by around 14 percent in 1983 to 0.58 tonnes per person, according to British Petroleum's historical timeline series, which starts in 1965. But, if we were to limit our definition of oil to crude the liquid stuff that comes out of the underground reservoirs plus condensates - any associated gases which liquefy...
Energy Intensity Reduction In Oecd Countries
The urgent need for reducing oil and gas intensity of the OECD rich world, or mature urban postindustrial societies is at present little recognized, or at least rarely admitted. Reasons for this have been discussed above. The present situation regarding average oil and gas demand per capita, in barrels or barrels oil equivalent per year, is shown in Table 12.1. Country or region Oil intensity Gas intensity Rounded averages, 2006 barrels per capita barrels oil equivalent per year, bcy per capita...
Geodeterminism
Obviously oil reserves control our destiny, but the question is, to what degree Are we indeed hardwired to overrun the earth as if it were a Petri-dish and we were cancer cells Controlling our destiny depends on how well we are able to control demand, which means controlling our collective numbers and consumption. It is not just the oil-importing countries which find it hard to restrain their consumption the producers and exporters are just as hooked on the money that comes from sales. For this...
Info
Figure 3.1 Annual oil production in the US The open circles are the actual data and the solid line represents a calculation by the logistic model. Sources EIA data C.J. Campbell, The Coming Oil Crisis, Multi-Science Publishing Company and Petroconsultants S.A., 1998. a category of reserve growth in existing fields and yet-to-find fields.16 Claiming 95 percent certainty, the United States Geological Survey USGS estimates that US ultimate production is 244 Gb, and with only 50 percent certainty,...
Coal Reserves Production And Consumption Of Coal In The World
Over 90 percent of world coal reserves exist in the 13 countries listed in Table 5.2, and the top six have slightly over 80 percent of the reserves.4 The world's total reserves are seen to be 478.8 Gt, or gigatonnes, of hard coal and 430.3 Gt of soft coal, with a total of 909 Gt. A slightly lower number of 857 Gt is reported by the World Energy Council.5 Of the reserves, one-quarter is in the United States. Table 5.2 Coal reserves of major producing countries in billions of metric tons Mt Table...
Some More Technical Problems With Thorium And Fast Breeder Reactors
The costs of developing nuclear power using thorium as fuel are increased by the engineering problems associated with the production, recycling, and containment of extremely radioactive isotopes. Far more shielding would be required than for plants currently operating, including mixed-oxide uranium and plutonium fuel, or MOX, plants, which use recycled uranium mixed with plutonium. The thorium cycle includes the need to come to terms with exotic old and new artificial substances of extreme...
NOTES Bth
1. However, this theory is still only partial and there are many challenges to it see, for example, 2. Joseph F. Alward, The Atomic Nucleus, chapter 14, Department of Physics, University of the Pacific, chapter14 chapter14.html. 3. These may also may be categorized as pressurized heavy water reactors PHWRs 4. Heavy Water Production, Federation of American Scientists, www.fas. org nuke intro nuke heavy.htm. 6. Jeremy Whitlock, Canadian Nuclear FAQ, www.nuclearfaq.ca cnf_ sectionA.htm. 7....
CANDU reactors
A well-established reactor which does not use enriched fuel also exists. Originating in Canada, CANDU reactors3 do not expend energy in separating fissile from non-fissile uranium isotopes. But their operation does require purchase of heavy water from an industry which separates the deuterium D2O , a naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen, from ordinary water. One CANDU uses about 360 tonnes of heavy water, which lasts the reactor for about 30 years with a loss of about 5 percent. D2O occurs...
Colin J Campbell
The Caspian is one of the most ancient oil provinces of the world. The Zoroastrians of antiquity worshipped the eternal flames of Baku, which were smoldering hydrocarbon source rocks and gas seepages. F.N. Semyenov drilled a well there in 1840, operating under a concession granted by the Tsar of Russia, eleven years before the self-styled Colonel Drake drilled his well at Titusville, Pennsylvania, which is commonly taken to mark the start of the modern oil industry. Geographically, it is a...
Info Arq
Figure 3.4 Projection for annual world oil production Theoretical peak production is predicted to take place in 2008, and for all petroleum liquids production in 2011. Sources US data from EIA-DOE data prior to 1970 for the world from C.J. Campbell, The Coming Oil Crisis, Multi-Science Publishing Company and Petroconsultants S.A., 1998. The curve through the data is drawn to aid the eye, using actual data the curve elements for the last few years and future production are from the logistic...
NOTES Ixe
1. Guy Chazan, In Caspian, Big Oil Fights Ice, Fumes, Kazakhs, Dow Jones Newswires, August 28, 2007, www.rigzone.com news article.asp7a_ id 49533, accessed April 10, 2007. 2. Henry Myer, China, Kazakhstan Link on Caspian Oil Pipeline, Shanghai Daily, August 20, 2007, 20070820 article_327883.htm. 3. ENI stands for the Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi Italy , the National Hydrocarbon Organization. 4. Terry Macalister, More Trouble for BP as Gas Scheme is Halted, Guardian, February 5, 2007, html gusrc...