Info Lsb
1. Which condition would create the most runoff A. land covered with vegetation B. plants in densely packed soil D. soil with a high percentage of sand Use the photo below to answer Questions 2 and 3. 2. What most likely caused the odd shape of the boulder A. a rock slide C. wind deflation B. glacier erosion D. wind abrasion 3. What are some clues to help scientists determine the method of erosion for this boulder A. The boulder has smooth surfaces with smooth edges. B. The boulder has a coarse...
Movement and Storage of Groundwater
N dSS Groundwater reservoirs provide water to streams and wetlands wherever the water table intersects the surface of the ground. Real-World Reading Link Have you ever noticed that a stream flows even when it has not rained in a long time Rainfall contributes to the flow in a stream, but much of the water comes from beneath the ground. The water on and in Earth's crust makes up the hydrosphere, named after hydros, the Greek word for water. You learned about the hydrosphere in Chapter 1 in the...
Section Assessment Buy
I Lakes form in a variety of ways when depressions on land fill with water. I Eutrophication is a natural nutrient-enrichment process that can be accelerated when nutrients from fertilizers, detergents, or sewage are added. I Wetlands are low-lying areas that are periodically saturated with water and support specific plant species. 1. iman4TTfla Explain the transformation process that a lake might undergo as it changes to dry land. 2. Describe the conditions necessary for the formation of a...
Section Assessment Tum
I Changes of state involve thermal energy. I The law of conservation of matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed. I The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. 1. i man hTM Explain how thermal energy is involved in changes of state. 2. Evaluate the nature of the thermal vibrations in each of the four states of matter. 3. Apply what you know about thermal energy to compare evaporation and condensation. 4. Infer how the boiling point of...
Predict The Velocity Of A Stream
Background Water in streams flows from areas of high elevation to areas of low elevation. Stream flow is measured by recording the water's velocity. The velocity varies from one stream to another and also in different areas of the same stream. Many components of the stream affect the velocity, including sediment, slope, and rainfall. Question How does slope affect velocity Materials Read and complete the lab safety form. Work in groups of three to four. Use a three-hole punch to make 10 to 15...
Problemsolving Lab
How can you analyze changes in elevation Gradient refers to the steepness of a slope. To measure gradient, divide the change in elevation between two points on a map by the distance between the two points. Use the map to answer the following questions, and convert your answers to SI units. 1. Determine the distance from Point A to Point B using the map scale. 2. Record the change in elevation. 3. Calculate If you were to hike the distance from Point A to Point B, what would be the gradient of...
Section Assessment Dkj
I Some precipitation infiltrates the ground to become groundwater. I Groundwater is stored below the water table in pore spaces of rocks and sediment. I Groundwater moves through permeable layers called aquifers and is trapped by impermeable layers called aquicludes. I Groundwater emerges from the ground where the water table intersects Earth's surface. 1. imandfffll Explain how the movement of groundwater is related to the water cycle. 2. Illustrate how the relative positions of an aquifer and...
g Study Guide
Igneous rocks were the first rocks to form as Earth cooled from a molten mass to the crystalline rocks of the early crust. Bowen's reaction series p. 114 fractional crystallization p. 115 igneous rock p. 112 lava p. 112 partial melting p. 114 MAUWJdSa Igneous rocks are the rocks that form when molten material cools and crystallizes. Magma consists of molten rock, dissolved gases, and mineral crystals. Magma is classified as basaltic, andesitic, or rhyolitic, based on the amount of silica it...
Contrast Of Suspension And Saltation As They Relate To Transport Of Materials
Match the correct vocabulary term from the Study Guide to the following definitions. 1. rapid downslope movement of a mass of loose sediment 2. rapidly flowing, often destructive mixtures of mud and water 3. slow, steady downhill movement of loose, weathered Earth materials Replace each underlined word with the correct vocabulary term from the Study Guide. 4. Barchans are rock structures shaped by windblown sediments. 5. Thick, windblown, fertile deposits of silt that contain high levels of...
PROBLEMSOLVING LAB Gdi
Which metamorphic minerals will form The minerals that form in metamorphic rocks depend on the metamorphic grade and composition of the original rock. The figure below and Figure 6.19 show the mineral groups that form under different metamorphic conditions. Lithification Low grade Intermediate grade High grade Sodium-rich Plagioclase feldspar Calcium-rich 1. What mineral is formed when shale and basalt are exposed to low-grade metamorphism 2. Under high-grade metamorphism, what mineral is...
Section Assessment Jjq
I Water from precipitation gathers in gullies at a stream's headwaters. I Stream water flows in channels confined by the stream's banks. I Alluvial fans and deltas form when stream velocity decreases and sediment is deposited. I Alluvial fans are fan-shaped and form where water flows down steep slopes onto flat plains. I Deltas are triangular and form when streams enter wide, relatively quiet bodies of water. 1. iman4ffl fl Describe how a V-shaped valley is formed. 2. Identify four changes that...
DATA ANALYSIS LAB Vys
How can you determine a soil's texture Soils can be classified with the use of a soil textural triangle. Soil texture is determined by the percentages of the sand, silt, and clay that make up the soil. These also vary with depth, from one soil horizon to another. Below are data from three horizons of a soil in North Carolina. Data obtained from Soil Survey Staff. 2006. National Soil Survey Characterization Data. Soil Survey Laboratory. National Soil Survey Center. November 9 USDA-NRCS-Lincoln,...
StartUp Activities
Fossils are the remains of once-living plants and animals. In this activity, you will interpret animal activity from the pattern of fossil footprints. 1. Read and complete the lab safety form. 2. Study the photograph of a set of footprints that have been preserved in sedimentary rock. 3. Write a description of how these tracks might have been made. 4. Draw your own diagram of a set of fossilized footprints that records the interactions of organisms in the environment. 5. Give your diagram to...
Section Assessment Gdl
I Sedimentary rocks can be clastic, chemical, or biochemical. I Clastic rocks form from sediments and are classified by particle size and shape. I Chemical rocks form primarily from minerals precipitated from water in areas with high evaporation rates. I Biochemical rocks form from the remains of once-living things. I Sedimentary rocks provide geologists with information about surface conditions that existed in Earth's past. 1. iman4BHB State the type of sedimentary rock that is formed from the...
Section Assessment Jpi
I The processes of weathering, erosion, deposition, and lithification form sedimentary rocks. I Clastic sediments are rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering and erosion. They are classified based on particle size. I Sediments are lithified into rock by the processes of compaction and cementation. I Fossils are the remains or other evidence of once-living things that are preserved in sedimentary rocks. I Sedimentary rocks might contain features such as horizontal bedding,...
StartUp Activities 1
How does change relate to surface area Surface area is a measure of the interface between an object and its environment. An object having more surface area can be affected more rapidly by its surroundings. Types of Weathering Make this Foldable to explain the types of weathering and what affects the rate of weathering. 1. Read and complete the lab safety form. 2. Fill two 250-mL beakers with water at room temperature. 3. Drop a sugar cube in one beaker and 5 mL of granulated sugar in the other...
Visualizing Continental Glacial Features
Figure 8.23 Continental glaciers carve out vast regions of landscape, leaving behind distinctive features such as kames, eskers, drumlins, and moraines. Kames are short cone-shaped mounds of Eskers are long ridges of sorted deposits. Drumlins are shaped as the glacier moves sorted deposits. They are shaped from out- They are shaped from outwash left as gla- over old moraines. They are unsorted. wash left as glaciers recede. ciers recede. CO f 1 ,n CHjfc To explore more about glacial features,...
Info Lwh
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Stream velocity cm s 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Stream velocity cm s Figure 9.5 Particles rub, scrape, and grind against one another in a streambed, which can create potholes. Figure 9.5 Particles rub, scrape, and grind against one another in a streambed, which can create potholes. The material that a stream carries is known as stream load. Stream load is carried in three ways. Materials in suspension Suspension is the method of transport for all...
S G
How does a cold air mass form 313 Why does lighting How can you model cloud cover 375 How much of Earth's surface is covered by water 405 Where does chalk form 437 Is California moving 467 What makes magma What can cause an earthquake 527 How does crust displace mantle 561 How are fossils How do liquids of different densities model early How is oil stored in What natural resources do you use in Can you identify sources of energy 707 What resources are used in classroom How can the...
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Xaa
To read about desert landscapes formed by weathering and erosion, go to the National Geographic Expedition on page 898. Figure 7.7 The climate of New York City caused the obelisk on the left to weather rapidly. The obelisk on the right has been preserved by Egypt's dry, warm climate. bl Mark Skalny Visuals Unlimited, bc Charles amp Josette Lenars CORBIS Figure 7.8 When the same object is broken into two or more pieces, the surface area increases. The large cube has a volume of 1000 cm3. When it...
Problemsolving Lab 1
How do compounds form Many atoms gain or lose electrons in order to have eight electrons in the outermost energy level. In the diagram, energy levels are indicated by the circles around the nucleus of each element. The colored spheres in the energy levels represent electrons, and the spheres in the nucleus represent protons and neutrons. 1. How many electrons are present in atoms of Element A Element B 2. How many protons are present in the nuclei of these atoms 3. Use the periodic table on...
National Geographic
Teacher Advisory Board and Reviewers The Teacher Advisory Board gave the editorial and design team feedback on the content and design of the Student Edition. We thank these teachers for their hard work and creative suggestions. Cincinnati Country Day High School Cincinnati, OH Grandview Heights High School Columbus, OH Steubenville City Schools Steubenville, OH Each teacher reviewed selected chapters of Earth Science Geology, the Environment, and the Universe, and provided feedback and...
Info Glm
Figure 11.10 The density and pressure of the layers of the atmosphere decrease as altitude increases. Temperature increases Density constant Temperature increases Density constant Figure 11.11 Temperature, pressure, and density are all related to one another. If temperature increases, but density is constant, the pressure increases. If the temperature increases and the pressure is constant, the density decreases. Pressure-temperature-density relationship In the atmosphere, the temperature,...
Which Rocks Are Most Likely To Metamorphose From A Lava Flow
Download quizzes, key terms, and flash cards from qlencoe.com. Most rocks are formed from preexisting rocks through external and internal geologic processes. bedding p. 137 cementation p. 137 cross-bedding p. 138 graded bedding p. 138 lithification p. 136 sediment p. 134 MAUWJdSa Sediments produced by weathering and erosion form sedimentary rocks through the process of lithification. The processes of weathering, erosion, deposition, and lithification form sedimentary rocks. Clastic sediments...
Earth Science Society
On the morning of January 10, 2005, the residents of La Conchita, California, awoke to find the highway out of town closed in both directions, due to landslides. Around 12 30 p.m. many residents heard an ominous roar as the bluff above the town unleashed 600,000 metric tons of dirt and mud, covering four blocks in 10 m of debris. Scientists went to the scene to discover exactly what had caused this enormous landslide and whether one could happen again. The setting La Conchita is built on a...
Make A Field Guide For Minerals
Background Have you ever used a field guide to identify a bird, flower, rock, or insect If so, you know that field guides include more than photographs. A typical field guide for minerals might include background information about minerals in general and specific information about the formation, properties, and uses of each mineral. Question Which mineral properties should be included in a field guide to help identify unknown minerals Choose materials that would be appropriate for this lab....
Section Assessment Rxx
I Classification of igneous rocks is based on three main characteristics. I The rate of cooling determines crystal size. I Ores often occur in pegmatites. Diamonds occur in kimberlites. I Some igneous rocks are used as building materials because of their strength, durability, and beauty. 1. i man HTM Infer why obsidian, which is black or red in color, can have a granitic composition. 2. Describe the three major compositional groups of igneous rocks. 3. Apply what you know about cooling rates to...
Section Assessment 1
I Remote sensing is an important part of modern cartography. I Satellites are used to gather data about features of Earth's surface. I Sonar is also used to gather data about features of Earth's surface. I GPS is a navigational tool that is now used in many everyday items. 1. imanDescribe how remote sensing works and why it is important in cartography. 2. Apply Why is GPS navigation important to Earth scientists 3. Explain the different types of information that can be gathered with satellites....
Model Mineral Weathering
Background Many factors affect the rate of weathering of Earth materials. Two major factors that affect the rate at which a rock weathers include the length of time it is exposed to a weathering agent and the composition of the rock. Question What is the relationship between exposure time and weathering plastic jar with lid water 300 mL halite chips 100 g Read and complete the lab safety form. Soak 100 g of halite chips in water overnight. As a class, decide on a uniform method of shaking the...
Groundwater Supply
N4TTHa Water is not always available in the quantities and in the locations where it is needed and might be compromised by pollution. Real-World Reading Link If you have a bank account, can you withdraw as much money as you want Of course not. Like a bank account, groundwater can be withdrawn, but only in the amount that has been deposited there. ilfSf Wells are holes dug or drilled into the ground to reach an aquifer. There are two main types of wells ordinary wells and artesian wells. Figure...
PROBLEMSOLVING LAB Jik
How do you estimate mineral composition Igneous rocks are classified by their mineral compositions. In this activity, you will use the thin section in Figure 5.12 to estimate the different percentages of minerals in the sample. 1. Design a method to estimate the percentages of the minerals in the rock sample shown in Figure 5.12. 2. Make a data table that lists the minerals and their estimated percentages. 3. Interpret Figure 5.9 to determine where in the chart this rock sample fits. 4. Compare...
Surface Water Movement
I MA N Running water is an agent of erosion, carrying sediments in streams and rivers and depositing them downstream. Real-World Reading Link Have you ever noticed that sometimes a river is muddy but other times it is clear In floods, rivers can carry greater amounts of materials, which makes them muddy. Under normal conditions, they often carry less sediment, which makes them clearer. Earth's water supply is recycled in a continuous process called the water cycle, shown in Figure 9.1. Water...
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Iwo
To read about how wind has shaped desert landscapes, read the National Geographic Expedition on page 898. Figure 8.17 Great Sand Dunes National Monument, in southern Colorado, contains North America's highest sand dunes of more than 228.6 m. Identify the dominant direction of wind in the figure. to move from one location to another Dunes migrate as wind blows over sand Figure 8.17 Great Sand Dunes National Monument, in southern Colorado, contains North America's highest sand dunes of more than...
Section Assessment Nai
I Earth's atmosphere is composed of several gases, primarily nitrogen and oxygen, and also contains small particles. I Earth's atmosphere consists of five layers that differ in their compositions and temperatures. I Solar energy reaches Earth's surface in the form of visible light and infrared waves. I Solar energy absorbed by Earth's surface is transferred as thermal energy throughout the atmosphere. 1. iman4BHB Rank the gases in the atmosphere in order from most abundant to least abundant. 2....
Measurement And Si Units
Background Suppose someone asked you to measure the area of your classroom in square cubits. What would you use A cubit is an ancient unit of length equal to the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Today, SI is used as a standard system of measurement. Question Why are standard units of measure important 1. Read and complete the lab safety form. 2. Obtain a set of rock samples from your teacher. 3. Measure the weight and length of two rock samples using a nonstandard unit...
Minerals
Minerals are an integral part of daily life. H Biaa Minerals are naturally occurring, solid, inorganic compounds or elements. 4.2 Types of Minerals H Biaa Minerals are classified based on their chemical properties and characteristics. Stalactites and other cave formations take thousands of years to form. One estimate is that a stalactite will grow only 10 cm in 1000 years. That is equal to 0.1 mm each year The diameter of a soda straw is equal to the droplets of water that form them. The...
Section Assessment Yxt
I Magma consists of molten rock, dissolved gases, and mineral crystals. I Magma is classified as basaltic, andesitic, or rhyolitic, based on the amount of silica it contains. I Different minerals melt and crystallize at different temperatures. I Bowen's reaction series defines the order in which minerals crystallize from magma. 1. main lt TTflH Predict the appearance of an igneous rock that formed as magma cooled quickly and then more slowly. 2. List the eight major elements present in most...
PROBLEMSOLVING LAB Fkr
How do you calculate relative humidity Relative humidity is the ratio of the actual amount of water vapor in a volume of air relative to the maximum amount of water vapor needed for that volume of air to reach saturation. Use the graph at the right to answer the following questions. 1. Compare the maximum amount of water vapor 1 m3 of air could hold at 15 C and 25 C. 2. Calculate the relative humidity of 1 m3 of air containing 10 g m3 at 20 C. 3. Analyze Can relative humidity be more than 100...
Info Fde
Figure 11.3 The ozone layer blocks harmful ultraviolet rays from reaching Earth's surface. Ozone concentration is highest at about 20 km above Earth's surface, in the ozone layer. Ozone concentration 1012 molecules cm3 Figure 11.3 The ozone layer blocks harmful ultraviolet rays from reaching Earth's surface. Ozone concentration is highest at about 20 km above Earth's surface, in the ozone layer. Ozone concentration 1012 molecules cm3 The atmosphere is classified into five different layers, as...
Lakes and Freshwater Wetlands
As the amount of water changes and the amount of sediments increases, lakes can be transformed into wetlands and eventually into dry land. Real-World Reading Link Have you ever felt the bottom of a lake with your feet It was probably soft and squishy from deposits of fine sediments. Lakes and ponds receive materials that are carried by rivers from upland areas. Over time, accumulation of these sediments changes the characteristics of the lake. Natural lakes, bodies of water surrounded by land,...
Stream Development
I ma NK Streams erode paths through sediment and rock, forming V-shaped stream valleys. Real-World Reading Link When was the last time you saw water flow uphill Water in all rivers travels downslope to the lowest point. This allows geologists to predict the path of the river based on the features of an area. Stream formation relies on an adequate water supply. Precipitation provides water for the beginnings of stream formation. Streams can also be fed by underground deposits of water. As a...
Section Assessment
I Different types of projections are used for different purposes. I Geologic maps help Earth scientists study patterns in subsurface geologic formations. I Maps often contain a map legend that allows the user to determine what the symbols on the map signify. I The map scale allows the user to determine the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth. 1. iman4TTHB Explain why distortion occurs at different places on different types of projections. 2. Describe...
Scavenger Hunt
Earth Science Geology, the Environment, and the Universe is full of important information and useful resources. Use the activity below to familiarize yourself with the tools and information in this book. As you complete this scavenger hunt, either alone or with your teacher or family, you will learn quickly how this book is organized and how to get the most out of your reading and study time. Q How many units are in this book How many chapters On what page does the glossary begin What glossary...
Visualizing Soil Orders
Figure 7.21 The five factors of soil formation determine how the soil orders are distributed across the United States. Soil profiles of three soil orders from different parts of the country are shown. Each soil profile has soil horizons expressed differently. Figure 7.21 The five factors of soil formation determine how the soil orders are distributed across the United States. Soil profiles of three soil orders from different parts of the country are shown. Each soil profile has soil horizons...
GEOLAB Lkn
MAPPING TRACK GROUNDWATER POLLUTION Background You can use a topographic map to estimate the direction of groundwater flow. Groundwater pollution spreads out from its source and follows the flow of groundwater. The spread and movement of the pollution resembles a plume that stems from its source. Question How can you determine the movement of a pollution plume U. S. Geological Survey topographic map of Forest City, 6. Draw a small line at each place where a contour line intersects the line from...
Assessment
The sentences below are incorrect. Make each sentence correct by replacing the italicized word or phrase with a vocabulary term from the Study Guide. 1. Gases escape from magma as it flows out onto Earth's surface. 2. Mohs scale of hardness describes the order in which minerals crystallize. 3. Lava forms deep beneath Earth's crust. Complete the sentences by filling in the blank with the correct vocabulary term from the Study Guide. 4. An igneous texture characterized by large crystals embedded...
Formation of Sedimentary Rocks
N deS Sediments produced by weathering and erosion form sedimentary rocks through the process of lithification. Real-World Reading Link Whenever you are outside, you might see pieces of broken rock, sand, and soil on the ground. What happens to this material With one heavy rain, these pieces of broken rock, sand, and soil could be on their way to becoming part of a sedimentary rock. Wherever rock is exposed at Earth's surface, it is continuously being broken down by weathering a set of physical...
Data Analysis Lab
Build your analytical skills using actual data from real scientific sources. 1 Make and Use Graphs How can graphs help interpret 4 Make and Use a Table What information should you include in a mineral identification 7 Interpret the Data How can you determine a soil's 8 Interpret the Data How much radioactivity is in ice 13 Interpret the Table How can you calculate a heat 14 Interpret the Data What is the temperature in Phoenix, 15 Graph Data When does the tide come 18 Interpret the Graph How do...
Section Assessment Onf
I Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds. I Covalent bonds form from shared electrons between atoms. I Ionic compounds form from the attraction of positive and negative ions. I There are two types of mixtures heterogeneous and homogeneous. I Acids are solutions containing hydrogen ions. Bases are solutions containing hydroxide ions. 1. imandfffll Explain why molecules do not have electric charges. 2. Differentiate between molecules and compounds. 3. Calculate the number of atoms...
INQUIRY EXTENSION Wpl
Design an Experiment This lab demonstrated the relationship between exposure time and weathering. Consider other factors that affect weathering. Design an experiment to measure the effects of those factors. Download quizzes, key terms, and flash cards from glencoe.com. Weathering and erosion are agents of change on Earth's surface. chemical weathering p. 166 exfoliation p. 165 frost wedging p. 164 mechanical weathering p. 164 oxidation p. 166 weathering p. 164 MAUWJdSa Weathering breaks down...