The Methow Valley Background
The Upper Columbia River ESU featured endangered Steelhead and spring-run Chinook. As of September 1999, the Central Valley of California and the Upper Columbia were the only West Coast basins to contain two listed salmonid species. With regard to enforcement challenges, the Methow Valley in Okanogan County was one of only two areas within the Northwest Region where the taking of listed fish was strictly prohibited 25,26 . In the summer of 1998, OLE began meeting with WDFW counterparts to...
The Role of International Telecommunications Union
Currently, the United Nations UN agency that regulates the use of geosynchronous orbits is the International Telecommunications Union ITU , which is a large specialized organization with a voting membership that very nearly mirrors that of its parent organization, the UN. The ITU's financing is derived from voluntary contributions of its members. As with all agencies of the UN, the principle of one state, one vote applies to the ITU. In 1988, ITU acknowledged that all countries have an equal...
Nigerias Ogoniland a Region of Contrasts
In the African country of Nigeria, the Ogoni people have struggled for control of their land since the colonial period 32 . In the late 19th century the Ogoni people staged a strong armed resistance against colonial occupation of their territory until 1908 when the region was secured by the colonial power 42 . Ogoni is an area of half a million people in the Niger Delta 43 . The Delta region produces 90 of the country's foreign earnings, making Nigeria the seventh largest producer in OPEC....
Waterfront Growth Decline and Redevelopment in the Great Lakes Basin
The urban waterfront, be it on an ocean, lake or river, is often the symbolic door of the city, the place of entry for new citizens and the place of exit for goods that are traded through shipping. The relationship between a city and its waterfront or riverfront is shaped by the unique location and history of the city, and in this sense, each urban waterfront has its own idiosyncratic story 3 . Each waterfront is also influenced by broader economic, political, and social forces at the national...
Deep Space as Environment
The third environmental frontier of space technology lies with deep space the Moon, Mars, and beyond. That was the phrase President George W. Bush used when he launched the NASA Space Exploration Vision in 2004. This is the ultimate space and environmental frontier, although it begins with a return to one abandoned in 1972 when Apollo lunar missions concluded. The major current environmental issue here is protection from contamination forward to other planets and backward to Earth. A future...
Global Environmental Justice Issues
Thus far this chapter has concentrated on the environmental justice movement in the U.S. Now the focus will shift to examining environmental justice from a global perspective. During the 1980s and first part of the 1990s, the environmental justice movement was building strength and recognition in the U.S., moving from a local grassroots movement to a national issue. Now that environmental justice is well established as an issue of national importance, the U.S. EPA and scholars are addressing...
Institutional Factors
Formal and informal institutions, which are called soft infrastructure as opposed to hard infrastructure like roads and telecommunications, can be established to lower information and transaction costs. This is important as transport and transaction costs tend to make up at least 40 of national output value 21 . Religious or secular institutions set up the normative rules that constrain instinctive, erratic, and opportunistic individual behavior either through legal sanctions or binding...
WTO Bodies of Environmental Relevance
The major institutional manifestation of the WTO's environmental agenda is the Committee on Trade and Environment CTE . Following the 1994 Ministerial Decision on Trade and Environment, the committee was established in January 1995 i.e., at the very onset of the organization itself . The CTE has a standing agenda and includes all WTO members as well as several observers from intergovernmental organizations but not from NGOs which come together at least twice a year for formal meetings, plus...
The Climate Change Regime Mix of Direct and Indirect Trade Restrictions
The climate change regime, i.e., the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol, can collide with WTO law in a number of aspects. First of all and similar to the aforementioned agreements, the Kyoto Protocol confines the trade in particular products but unlike other MEAs which affect existing goods, the Kyoto Protocol, in its Article 17, introduces the very products it regulates. These emissions or Parts of Assigned Amounts PAAs shall only be traded within certain...
Table of Contents
1 Globalization and the Environment an Introduction 1 Khi V. Thai, Dianne Rahm, and Jerrell D. Coggburn 1.1 Overview 1 1.1.1 The Conceptual Meaning of Globalization 2 1.1.2 Perspectives on Sustainable Economic Growth 2 1.1.3 Globalization, the Environment, and Sustainable Economic Growth 2 1.1.3.1 Globalization and Sustainable Economic Growth 3 1.1.3.2 Globalization and a Sustainable Environment 4 1.2 Book Contents 5 1.2.1 Part One Global Environmental Issues and Policies 5 1.2.2 Part Two...
Appendix B Participation and Awareness Index
Taken from Question 58 through Question 66, and 67 of the Uzbekistan Washington State University Tashkent Institute for Irrigation and Melioration WUAs Research Survey.
Space Debris
Complicating the use of near-Earth space is space debris. A half century has passed since Sputnik went up. Many nations now use space for civilian and military intelligence purposes. Not all material put into space comes down. For ISS, communications satellites, Earth-monitoring satellites, and space telescopes, space pollution is a present and growing danger. Space debris is associated with extremely high kinetic energies as it speeds around the planet. A collision with a piece of space debris...
Inferences
A look at globalization from the north-south perspective shows that while some see it as an inevitable part of modernization, others perceive it as an orchestrated process to gain greater access to and control over resources while some view it as playing an undeniable role in bringing wealth to all corners of the globe, others maintain that globalization will only benefit the few at the cost of others and will lead to relative impoverishment while some see managed governance positively in terms...
Perspectives on Sustainable Economic Growth
The World Commission on Environment and Development defines sustainable development simply as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs 9 . From this definition, sustainable economic growth can be explained as sufficient economic growth for the present generation without harming the ability of future generations to attain their needs. The 1992 Rio Earth Summit provided a framework for moving towards sustainable...
NGOs and Environment Discourse between Stockholm and Johannesburg
Within an environmental context, the growth of NGOs has provided much of the momentum in activities and the emergence of policies and perspectives. The thirty-year period between the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment and the 2002 Summit on Sustainable Development represents the culminating recognition of many of the post-industrial environmental realities for many parts of the world. It also represents a time period when NGOs increasingly were able to move to a more central role in...
The Basel Convention Cites and the Montreal Protocol Direct Import Restrictions
All three regimes include TREMS trade-related environmental measures which collide with the MFN principle by banning the import of various substances on Roughly over the last ten years, the fragmentation of international environmental law has been attracting the attention of scholars from various disciplines, with many of them focusing on the overlaps with trade agreements e.g., Bernauer and Ruloff 1999 Moltke 1996 Neumann 2002 Pauwelyn 2003 Stokke 2001 Young 1996 . Two encompassing and...
Problem Definition Scaling Up to Gain Control Scaling Down to Avoid
How a problem is defined is critical for ensuring that it is addressed. While some would be tempted to argue that there are scientific justifications for arguing that noise is a local problem, desertification a regional problem and climate change a global problem 75,76 , others may reject this out of hand by arguing that if one were to develop a set of criteria for assessing whether a problem is local or global, and systematically apply these criteria to different environmental problems, one...
A Take Occurs in the Walla Walla Basin
On June 13, 1997 a proposed rule to list the Columbia River distinct population segment of Bull Trout as a threatened species, including populations within the Walla Walla River Basin, was published in the Federal Register. A final rule listing these Bull Trout populations as threatened under the ESA was published in the Federal Register on June 10, 1998, and became effective on July 10, 1998. Upon the effective date, 50 C.F.R. Section 17.31 a , which prohibited the take of Bull Trout, enabled...
Appendix B Excerpt from the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development
.From Stockholm to Rio de Janeiro to Johannesburg. Thirty years ago, in Stockholm, we agreed on the urgent need to respond to the problem of environmental deterioration. Ten years ago, at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, we agreed that the protection of the environment and social and economic development are fundamental to sustainable development, based on the Rio Principles. To achieve such development, we adopted the global programme...
References Yxx
1. Executive Order 13101, Greening the Government through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition, September 14, 1998. 2. Senate Bill 3271, The Greening the Government Act of 2000, November 14, 2000. 3. Drabkin, D., Thai, K.V., U.S. Federal Government Procurement Structure, Process and Current Issues, International Purchasing and Supply Education and Research Association's Comparative Public Procurement Cases Workshop, Budapest, Hungary, April 2003, 10-12. 4. City of Austin, Texas...
The Physical Wealth Framework
Framework two focuses on the availability of, and access to, physical wealth. Physical wealth is defined as a combination of natural conditions, natural resources, and economics see Table 16.7 . The first component involves land resources and focuses on the richness of the area's soil and general agricultural conditions. Component two includes the availability of water Table 16.7 Physical Wealth Framework and Scoring System 5 Points Possible Per Each Component 25 Possible Points Land Resources...
International Environmental Regimes
This section will first examine the historical case of the Trail Smelter Dispute, which is considered by many to be the first, albeit unsuccessful, environmental regime. The ruling in this dispute created the Trail Smelter Principle and the visible damage requirement. Following the examination of the historical basis for regime formation in the area of transborder air pollution, we will address the development, successes, and failures of three of the most established regimes in this area. The...
References Mkk
1. UN Charter, Charter of the United Nations, San Francisco 26 June 1945, and amended on 17 December 1963, 20 December 1965 and 20 December 1971, ICJ Acts and Documents No. 4, 1945. 2. Wallerstein, I., Utopistics Or, Historical Choices of the Twenty-First Century, The New Press, New York, 1998. 3. Meyer, J.W., The World Polity and the Authority of the Nation-State, in Studies of the Modern World-System, A. Bergesen, Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1980, 109-137. 4. Meyer, J.W., Boli, J., Thomas,...
Spontaneous Globalization Autonomous versus Orchestrated
Apart from the forces of managed globalization, there is spontaneous globalization globalization that occurs through market forces, technological advances and the rise of civil and uncivil society. One could argue that the so-called autonomous globalization may have both negative and positive effects. On the negative side, one can identify possibly three trends. The first is what I refer to as the tragedy of free trade. The second is the rise of vertically integrated markets and the third is a...
Johannesburg Renewal of Commitments
The World Conference on Sustainable Development met in Johannesburg in 2002, with over 20,000 registered participants 13 . The Summit was designed to examine progress in implementing the goals of the Rio conference that had been held ten years earlier. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation JPOI is the major result of that conference. The JPOI fills some gaps in the Agenda 21 and the MDGs and addresses some newly emerging issues, including to halve the proportion of people without access to...
Looking for a Signpost the WTOs Effect on Domestic and International
The deterministic nature of these and other classical assumptions strongly suggests the need for profound empirical evidence. But how to provide this evidence that is, how to reliably assess the WTO's impact on the environment A closer look at the aforementioned hypotheses might at least help to distinguish possible research endeavors from impossible ones. In fact, any clear-cut corroboration of the respective first item on both lists each one focusing on economic growth, though under reversed...
The Conceptual Meaning of Globalization
Globalization is viewed as a step toward a fully integrated world market 1,2 and as a key ingredient of a global society 3 . Globalization is also seen by some academics as a borderless world 4 . Brown 5 expounds on globalization as large-scale openness of borders accomplished by loosening state regulations to promote rapid financial transactions, trade, communications, and other social and cultural activities. More precisely, globalization is a phenomenon that encourages international...
Conceptualizing NGO Growth
The past 30 years have seen rapid growth in the activities and awareness of organizations in the nonprofit sector. The rise of these organizations reflects a shift during the 20th century of non-state actors and their roles within the global discourse. At the beginning of the 20th century, the relevance of nongovernmental agencies within global political and policy arenas is evidenced by the lack of mention of them in the League of Nation's charter. They simply were not thought of as...
Boundary Organizations
When the objective is decision-making that actually contributes to improved conditions, focused attention on relationship-building and careful design and facilitation of decision processes is of fundamental importance. As Bardach points out, development of trust, a problem-solving ethos, and consensus-building processes takes time, effort, skill, and a mix of constructive personalities who are around long enough to build effective relationships 58 . The skills and abilities that are required...
Increasing Institutional Overlap and Conflict among International Institutions
At first glance, one might wonder about the widespread existence of legal conflicts between international trade and environmental agreements, especially among those which have been negotiated and adopted by nearly identical parties. At second glance, however, the counterintuitive observation of international regime overlap or even regime conflict should not come as a total surprise for particularly two reasons. First of all, since the end of World War II, international relations have been...
Viewpoints of the Relationship between Trade Liberalization and the Environment
Although there is a fear that trade liberalization will weaken the environmental regulations of countries involved in the agreement, some evidence suggests otherwise. It has been found that the majority of trade agreements have required the country with lower regulatory standards to raise its standards to meet those of the country with higher standards. This is in contrast to popular belief that a country with more stringent regulations will lower its standards in order to promote trade with...
Introduction Ghs
At first glance, Pascal Lamy's statement is a highly optimistic expression of the classical win-win hypothesis, reflecting belief in co-existence, mutual support and synergism between trade liberalization and environmental protection. However, the second phrase introduces an important qualification, wherein Lamy concedes that the untouched state of nature between both fields is not that free of conflicts 1 . Taken at face value, the quote implies that there is no inherent harmony between free...
References Vpi
1. Keohane, R.O. and Nye, J.S., Globalization What's new What's not and so what , Foreign Policy, 118, 104, 2000. 2. Kutting, G. and Rose, S., The environment as a global issue, in International Environmental Politics, M.M. Betsill, K. Hochstetler, and D. Stevis, Eds., Macmil-lan Palgrave, Basingstoke, 2005, 113-141. 3. Robertson, R. and Scholte, J.A. Eds., Encyclopedia of Globalization, Routledge, London, forthcoming. 4. Prakash, A. and Hart, J.A., Globalization and governance An introduction,...
Green Procurement in US State and Local Governments
The federal government has not acted alone, nor necessarily as the leader, in environmentally friendly procurement in the U.S. It is actually America's subnational governments that have led the way in green procurement development, thus living up to their reputation as laboratories of democracy in policy innovation. Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s, subnational governments initiated a number of pioneering efforts in green procurement. These early pioneers 5 included, among others,...
Governing Global Desertification
In response to ongoing global transformations, the political world has turned to new governance approaches in order to adjust its problem-solving capacity to the magnitude of global challenges. The global governance of desertification can therefore be understood as a political process that involves a multiplicity of actors who interact at multiple levels and through a variety of institutional mechanisms 39,40 . Today, this process is contained, as well as guided, by a global convention that has...
Harmonization of Procurement Codes and Sustainable Codes
Sustainable procurement stands to benefit from harmonization. In the U.S., a history exists of uniform laws and model codes that have been adopted throughout the states. Harmonization through such efforts can lead to significant efficiencies. While states may choose not to adopt uniform laws or model codes as promulgated, uniform laws and model codes often provide guidance and prompt discussion of important issues. For example, in the 1950s, a model probate code was promulgated that aimed to...
References Bud
1. U.S. Congress, House. Committee on Resources. Subcommittee on Forests and Forest Health The Threat of Ecoterrorism Hearings before the Subcommittee on Forests and Forest Health, 107th Cong, 2002 testimony of James F. Jarboe . 2. Leader, S.H. and Probst, P., The earth liberation front and environmental terrorism, Terrorism and Political Violence, 15, 37, 2003. 3. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Terrorism in the United States 1999, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, 2000, 21. 4....
Globalization And Bop Papers
1. United Nations, Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, 2005, Available at POI_PD.htm accessed on May 2, 2006 . 2. Stiglitz, J.E., Globalization and Its Discontents, W.W. Norton, New York, 2002. 3. Myer, J.W., Frank, D.J., and Hironaka, A., The structuring of a world environmental regime, 1870-1990, International Organization, 51, 623, 1997. 4. UN, Overview UN in Brief, 2002, Available at http www.un.org Overview brief5. html accessed on May 2, 2006 . 5. Farazmand, A.,...
Evolution of Green Procurement in Federal Government
The Carter Administration ushered in the green government procurement movement with the passage of the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act RCRA . RCRA mandated that all paper purchased by the government contain 30 recycled content. It took quite a while for agencies to comply with this requirement, but by the end of the Clinton Administration, use of paper with recycled content was widespread 9 . Shortly after coming into office in the early 1990s, the Clinton administration began what...
Prescriptive Thoughts
Having provided a historical, descriptive framework for exploring the development and evolution of NGO involvement vis-a-vis environmental issues, particularly in relation to the involvement of strategies in relation to the evolving UN environmental conferences, we now turn to prescriptive frameworks for developing the sector. Let us begin with an assertion that we are now at a critical juncture in both the development of the scope of roles of NGOs and the development of the scope of the...
Environmental Pollution in Developing Nations
When examining the issue of environmental justice from a global perspective Adeola 31 presents three theoretical frameworks dependency theory, the internal colonialism perspective, and the global environmental justice perspective. Each of these three perspectives will now be discussed. Dependency theorists contend dependence is a condition in which the economy of certain countries, such as Third World countries, is influenced by the development and expansion of the economy of other countries,...
Nafta
NAFTA has been considered a green trade agreement because it addresses environmental concerns within its charter. It was ratified with an environmental side agreement, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation NAAEC . The NAAEC was negotiated and signed on September 13, 2003 and went into force on January 1, 1994. The preamble of the NAAEC makes reference to protecting the environment, including the promotion of sustainable development and the need to protect and strengthen...
Sustainable Waterfront Development in the Great Lakes Basin
Wendy A. Kellogg and Erica M. Matheny Cleveland State University Globalization has changed the economic role of cities, as each has become part of an international network 1 . The resulting structural shift to a post-industrial economy in North America has had great significance for cities in the Great Lakes region. The Great Lakes of North America are the largest system of freshwater lakes on Earth, covering 94,000 square miles, and contain roughly 18 of the world's fresh water. The lake...
Conclusion Nui
This chapter has examined globalization, environmental challenges and north-south issues. It dealt with each of these concepts separately and attempted to link the different ideas together. Historically, there have been reasons for north-south friction arising from a colonial past. Although only a few of the Northern countries are the former colonizers, the colonization discourse has spread to affect much of north-south relations today. The centuries of colonization have cast a long shadow over...
Implications of a Human Right to Water
Another question raised by explicit human rights to water is how are developing nations with limited economic resources to provide for minimum needs A human rights based approach to issues of water access has many implications for the financing of water resources in developing nations. Some have already turned to privatization, hoping that large, international water corporations with the capital to invest in the infrastructure can save the day. Under a human rights mandate, developing nations...
From Stockholm to Rio Kyoto and Beyond
The 1972 Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden, attended by 113 states and representatives from 19 international organizations, was the first truly international conference devoted exclusively to environmental issues. The major tenets of this conference were the basis of the 1987 Brundtland Report, Our Common Future. It placed environmental issues on the global agenda, created a set of principles and an action plan for environmentally sound management, and led to the creation...