References Hpz
1. Ries LAG, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975 2004. 2007, National Cancer Institute Bethesda, MD. http seer.cancer.gov csr 1975 2004 . 2. Pui CH, and Evans WE. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2006 354 2 166 78. 3. Jemal A, et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 2006 56 2 106 30. 4. Oeffinger KC, et al. Grading of late effects in young adult survivors of childhood cancer followed in an ambulatory adult setting. Cancer 2000 88 7 1687 95. 5. Hewitt M,...
Assessment of neurobehavioral outcomes and functional abilities
Neuropsychological assessment plays an important part in diagnostic, recovery and rehabilitation processes post-TBI, and the characteristics of such childhood assessments at the acute stage are described in Chapter 11a. Assessment is more frequent and long-term for severely injured individuals who suffer serious deficits that impact significantly on their ability to function in daily life. Ongoing assessment of function is necessary to track the development of cognition post-injury and to...
Memory
Deficits in memory are considered a hallmark of ADHD for both children and adults, as is suggested by the DSM-IV criteria of forgetfulness and difficulty following through with tasks. Research has suggested that there are problems in both visual and verbal working and long-term memory in persons with ADHD. Agreement has largely been found with regard to deficits in verbal memory for adults with ADHD. Tests with more complex demands such as the Wechsler Memory Scales-III Logical Memory subtest...
References Qvq
1. Messias EL, Chen CY, Eaton WW. Epidemiology of schizophrenia review of findings and myths. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2007 30 323 38. 2. Howard R, Rabins PV, Seeman MV, et al. Late onset schizophrenia and very late onset schizophrenia like psychosis an international consensus. The International Late Onset Schizophrenia Group. Am J Psychiatry 2000 157 172 8. 3. Iritani S. Neuropathology of schizophrenia a mini review. Neuropathology 2007 27 604 8. 4. Jakob H, Beckmann H. Circumscribed...
Brain cells
The brain has two classes ofcells, neurons and glia. There are many different types of cells within each class, although they all share characteristics that distinguish these nervous system cells from other cells in the body. Generally stated, neurons are specialized electro-chemical signal transmitters and receivers. Glia serve a supporting role in the brain e.g. nutritional and scavenger functions, growth factors, blood-brain barrier components, and myelin-white matter creation and have a...
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Adrenoleukodystrophy ALD is a peroxisomal disease that is X-linked and maps to Xq28. Its approximate incidence is 1 in 17 900. Several phenotypes are known in ALD. The mildest phenotype is that of children and adults who have a biochemical defect only with Addison's disease. Addison's disease is adrenal insufficiency caused by pathology of the adrenal cortex. Many adults with Addison's disease are likely to progress to adrenomyeloneuropathy AMN . This demyelinating disease affects long fiber...
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III
Sanfilippo syndrome has been ignored, despite its being the most common of the MPS disorders, because no treatment has been found to be effective. Four different subtypes have been identified, A, B, C, and D, each with a different enzymatic deficiency, but all four deposit heparan sulfate in cells. Sanfilippo A is the most common and most severe. The somatic manifestations of MPS III are few primarily it is a neurodegenerative disease. Although atrophy on the MRI sometimes precedes dementia in...
Conventional neuroimaging methodologies
Historically speaking, older structural and functional neuroimaging techniques are often referred to as conventional imaging methodologies, though the categorization of what techniques are considered cutting-edge versus those which are labeled conventional continues to evolve over time as ever-newer imaging technologies are developed. Structural imaging techniques such as computed axial tomography CAT or CT and magnetic resonance imaging MRI have become routine neuroimaging methodologies, with...
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II
Hunter syndrome is an X-linked disorder which has a similar presentation to MPS I. Hunter syndrome has two forms, a severe form with onset in early childhood with significant neurological involvement, and a late-onset form with presumably normal intellectual development. The severe form starts later than the severe form of MPS I, after 2 years of age. Early on these children often have multiple surgeries for hernia, tube placement, and tonsillectomies adenoidectomies, often before the diagnosis...
Social issues among visually impaired adults
Social support plays an important role in the lives of adults with VI. Less-optimal feelings of well-being appear related to an absence of support as well as negative support 92 , which can include insensitivity, criticism, or overprotection. Quality of life research in patients with AMD revealed that depression is more strongly associated with the loss of vision in one eye as opposed to both eyes 21 . Bilateral visual loss may be associated with greater acceptance of the condition while visual...
Pathophysiology of leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL is a malignant disorder of lymphoid cells produced in the bone marrow that can migrate via the circulatory system to almost every organ system, including the central nervous system CNS 6 . The peak age of onset of ALL is roughly 4 years, with higher rates in Whites and males 1 . Survival rates, which are now estimated to exceed 80 , are, in part, related to more effective CNS prophylaxis therapies 2 . Acute myelogenous leukemia AML , a malignant disorder of...
Components of the current AAIDD definition and current controversies
There are several areas of controversy regarding definitions of intellectual disability. First, there is controversy about the precise cut point in intellectual functioning warranting consideration of a diagnosis of ID. Second, there is controversy regarding the place of adaptive behavior in the definition, with some placing more emphasis on this construct than others. Relatedly, there are systems for determining levels of intellectual disability based on both intellectual functioning and...
Interventions for mathematics disorder
Classroom-wide interventions, such as Houghton Mifflin Mathematics 51 and Everyday Mathematics, have reported significant improvements with children's mathematics abilities. Research has suggested that, on an individual level, interventions should be established based on the specific mathematics deficit a child displays. For example, children with a predominant procedural, visuospatial, or conceptual problemsolving deficiency would be likely to benefit from an approach that models effective...
Language Fzr
A number of studies have shown that VSIQ is generally reduced in children with CP, but, as is the case for other domains of cognition, little research has been conducted to examine specific aspects of language. There is, however, some evidence of impairments in both expressive and receptive language abilities beyond those that are attributable to difficulties in speech 30 . For example, naming abilities, vocabulary knowledge, grammatical skills, and conceptual understanding of language have...
Impairments in initiation
Although perhaps not as dramatic and unsettling as the disinhibition syndromes, impairments in initiation can be equally disabling. The behavioral presentation of initiation syndromes can range from extreme apathy and avolition, to more subtle impairments in initiating and persisting with goal-directed activities. Severe apathy and avolition can greatly hinder participation in even basic activities of daily living and place a substantial burden on caregivers, who must frequently cue and guide...
References Lnf
1. Centers for Disease Control. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, http www.cdc.gov ncbddd ADHD Accessed on May 1, 2008 . 2. Learning Disability Association. About LD, http www. ldanatl.org about ld teachers index.asp, Accessed on May 1, 2008 . 3. American Psychiatric Association. DSM IV. 1994, Washington DC. 4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA . National Mental Health Information Center, Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents, http...
Subtypes of mathematics disorder
Levine and associates 39 have posited a 16-subcomponent model that classifies the skills necessary for performing mathematics. Subcomponents of the model include the following Learning facts all mathematical procedures involve underlying facts i.e. multiplication tables and simple addition and subtraction Understanding details all math procedures involve attention to and understanding of detail Mastering procedures the processes involved in multiplication, division, reducing fractions, and...
Nonverbal learning and memory
Pediatric patients with epilepsy exhibit low average range 15 to average range 14, 37, 39 simple nonverbal recall. Patients with higher intellectual functioning exhibited better visual memory performance 37 . Across patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, right-sided focus was associated with significantly decreased visual retention 20, 37 . On the other hand, patients with frontal lobe 37 and partial epilepsy 29 do not exhibit the same effect of lateraliza-tion. Complex etiological variables...
Assessing intelligence and learning
The Wechsler Verbal subtests are typically administered to individuals with VI, as these subtests do not require significant adaptation from standardized procedure 93, 97 . However, assessment of intellectual functioning solely based on verbal processing does not capture the range of abilities that may be unique to the VI population, and information tapped in verbal subtests may have developmental roots in visual learning and processing 101 . Furthermore, the Wechsler Scales have not included...
Epidemiology of reading disorder
There is strong evidence that reading disorders are substantially more common in boys than in girls 8 . The specific neurodevelopmental causes of reading disorders in children are unknown 1 . However, there is considerable evidence that genetic factors contribute to the development of reading disorders specifically with deficits in phonological decoding and awareness 12 . There is some evidence that there are differences between children who have a primarily genetic versus acquired reading...
Neuroanatomical features of mathematics disorders
While mathematics disorder has not received the attention given to reading disorders, research has suggested that lesions in both hemispheres and select Numericalmagnitude Semantic understanding of math concepts and procedures Constructionalapraxia Visualspatialsketchpad holds visual spatialinformation in temporary storage Mentalmath Magnitude comparisons Geometric proofs Allocation of attention Inhibition of distracters when problem solving Attention to math operational signs Retrieval of...
References Jxf
1. CBTRUS. Statistical Report Primary Brain Tumors in the United States, 2000 2004 Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States 2008. 2. Baldwin RT, Preston Martin S. Epidemiology of brain tumors in childhood a review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004 199 2 118 31. 3. Rees J. Neurological oncology. Medicine Baltimore 2004 32 10 75 9. 4. Wrensch M, Minn Y, Chew T, Bondy M, Berger MS. Epidemiology of primary brain tumors current concepts and review of the literature. Neuro Oncol 2002 4 4 278 99....
Thalamus and hypothalamus
The thalamus and hypothalamus, among other structures, compose the diencephalon. The thalamus is a complex bilateral structure with extensive reciprocal connections to major structures throughout the brain, including efferent fibers to cortical regions thalamo-cortical axons and afferent fibers from cortical regions corticothalamic axons . There are 11 thalamic nuclei that are classified as either relay or association nuclei based on their target projections. These are specific nuclei. There...
Pathophysiology of lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma HL is a malignant disorder of the lymph nodes characterized by the presence of abnormal cells that arise from white blood cells. The most common symptom of HL is the presence of a painless enlargement of one or more lymph nodes in the region of the neck 9 . The occurrence of HL is rare in children younger than 4 years of age there were fewer than 16 cases reported in infants and in children between the ages of 1 and 4 in 2004 8 . HL has a male predominance in early onset and an...
Richard Ziegler PhD
Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience University of Minnesota Medical Center Minneapolis, MN Jacobus Donders obtained his PhD from the University of Windsor in 1988. He completed his internship at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, MI, and his residency at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, MI. He is currently the Chief Psychologist at Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital in Grand Rapids, MI. Dr. Donders is board-certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology in both Clinical...
Assessment following moderate to severe TBI
For individuals with moderate to severe TBI, early neuropsychological assessment may focus on determining level of responsiveness and tracking cognitive status and recovery. Measures such as the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised 85 can be used to assess arousal, attention, and other key behavioral elements for individuals in coma or minimally conscious state. With responsive but confused patients, measures of orientation 86, 87 are well suited to assist with determination of when a patient has...
References 1
1. Gall FJ, Spurtzheim G. Recherches sur le syst me nerveux en g n ral et sur celui de cerveau en particulier. Paris 2. Broca P. Nouvelle observation d'aph mie produite par une l sion de la troisi me circonvolution frontale. Bull Soc Anat Paris , 2e serie 1861a 6 398 407. 3. Dronkers NF, Plaisant O, Iba Zizen MT, Cabanis EA. Paul Broca's historic cases high resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong. Brain 2007 130 1432 41. 4. Taylor J, ed. Selected Wrtitings of John Hughlings...
References Rev
1. Kirp DL. The Sandbox Investment. The Preschool Movement and Kids First Politics. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press 2007. 2. Richerson PJ, Boyd R. Not by Genes Alone. How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press 2004. 3. Kenrick DT. Evolutionary psychology, cognitive science and dynamical systems. Building an integrative paradigm. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2001 10 13 17. 4. Preuss TM, Caceres M, Oldham MC, Geschwind DH. Human brain evolution insights from...
Structural changes
Advances in neuroimaging have allowed us to visualize the brain at various stages of aging. Clearly identifying structural changes that are typical of normal versus abnormal aging remains difficult. As we review in the following section, there is consistent evidence that the human brain physically declines with age, although the regions and characteristics of this decline vary somewhat by study methodology and sample. Several studies have shown an inverse relationship between age and brain...
Psychopathological conditions in adults
Anthony C. Ruocco, Elizabeth Kunchandy and Maureen Lacy With psychiatric disorders affecting nearly one-half of American adults at some point in their lifetime, it is important to consider the impact psychopathological conditions may have on neuropsychological function this is particularly true as individuals entering adulthood and later, old age, are often at greater risk for the development of psychopathological conditions. Whereas several adult psychopathological conditions may present with...
Cerebral cortex
The cortex is divided into four lobes, the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital. As was discussed earlier in the chapter on top-down control and the organization of functional systems, the cortex is the most highly organized and complex aspect of brain management. The cortex is thought to be necessary for conscious behaviors thalamo-cortical relationships , though recent research suggests that some level of consciousness can exist without the cortex 61 . There are two hemispheres divided...
Hurler syndrome
Most children with Hurler syndrome show normal developmental milestones during the first year of life. During the second year, development slows, and in the third year plateaus followed by decline. Because of new treatments, data are sparse regarding the untreated natural history of cognitive development. However, our database yields cross-sectional information about 137 untreated or not yet treated children suggesting Table 15.1. Tab e of ysosoma d seases. Table 15.1. Tab e of ysosoma d...
References Igj
1. Reitan R. Psychologic changes associated with aging and with cerebral damage. Mayo Clin Proc 1967 42 653 73. 2. Kaszniak AW, Newman MC. Toward a neuropsychology of cognitive aging. In Qualls SH, Abeles N, eds. Psychology and the Aging Revolution How we adapt to longer Life. Washington DC American Psychological Association 2000 43 67. 3. Rattan SIS. Increased molecular damage and heterogeneity as the basis of aging. Biol Chem 2008 389 267 72. 4. Franceschi C, Bonafe M. Centenarians as a model...
References Pqs
1. Langlois JA, Rutland Brown W, Thomas KE. Traumatic brain injury in the United States Emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Atlanta, Georgia Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Control and Prevention 2006. 2. Coronado VG, Thomas KE, Sattin RW, Johnson RL. The CDC Traumatic Brain Injury Surveillance System Characteristics of persons aged 65 years and older hospitalized with a TBI. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2005 20 215 28. 3. United States...
References Ric
1. Wake M, Tobin S, Cone Wesson B, Dahl HH, Gillam L, McCormick L, et al. Slight mild sensorineural hearing loss in children. Pediatrics 2006 118 1842 51. 2. Moller A R. Hearing Anatomy, Physiology, and Disorders of the Auditory System, 2nd edn. Amsterdam Academic Press 2006. 3. Rance G. Auditory neuropathy dys synchrony and its perceptual consequences. Trends Amplif 2005 9 1 43. 4. American Speech Language Hearing Association. The prevalence and incidence of hearing loss in adults. 2008...
Written language disorder subtypes
A disorder of written language can occur at many different levels, including spelling, handwriting, semantic knowledge, executive functions, memory processes, and metacognitive processes. The age of the child is another important factor when determining what part of the writing process is potentially impacted, and how it affects written language competency 58 . Spelling is an important part of written language even if the development of computer programs, such as spell check, have made the...
Alternatives to the discrepancy model
One popular alternative to defining LD based on the IQ-Achievement discrepancy model as mentioned in the chapters is referred to as response to instruction RTI . The goal of RTI is to monitor the intensity of instruction and make systematic changes in the instructional context as a function of a student's overt performance. This is done by considering various tiers of instructional intensity. This approach is compatible with those that attempt to identify the cognitive and neuropsychological...
References Xzg
1. Jones JH, Mackenzie J, Croft GA, et al. Improvement in screening performance and diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism in Scotland 1979 2003. Arch Dis Child 2006 91 680 5. 2. Hadley M, Levine JE. Endocrinology, 6th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall 2007. 3. Selva KA, Harper A, Downs A, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in congenital hypothyroidism Comparison of initial T4 dose and time to reach target T4 and TSH. J Pediatr 2005 147 775 80. 4. Bongers Schokking JJ, de Muinck Keizer...
Visual spatial and perceptual abilities
A substantial reduction in PSIQ has been one of the most ubiquitous findings in the CP literature. The majority of tests that assessed PSIQ placed considerable demands on visual spatial and perceptual abilities, and one might assume that poorer PSIQ reflected impairment in these abilities. It is important to remember, however, that many tests used to assess PSIQ also place considerable demands on psychomo-tor speed. As such, caution must be used in interpreting findings. When assessing visual...
Mesencephalon
The midbrain includes the substantia nigra linked to dopamine production and Parkinson disease , the superior and inferior colliculi visual and auditory system actions , and a large portion of the reticular activating system RAS . The reticular activating system, formed in part by nuclei in the midbrain tegmentum, plays a role in consciousness. The discovery of the RAS was critical for understanding coma. It serves as a modulator of sleep and wakefulness via connections to the diencephalic...
Cognitive progression in epilepsy
When considering the lifespan implications of epilepsy on cognition, an important issue concerns the changes that occur over time. This issue is commonly referred to as progression, and has been the focus of investigation at the molecular, physiological, and cellular level 24 . From a neuropsychological perspective, the issue ofprogression entails the possibility that continued cognitive decline is evident among people with epilepsy over the course of the disorder. To date, research relevant to...
References Kiy
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, text revision. Washington DC 2000. 2. Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, et al. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD is it an American Condition World Psychiatry 2003 2 2 104 13. 3. Barkley, RA. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment, 3rd edn. New York Guilford Press 2005. 4. Biederman, J, Newcorn, J, Sprich, S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity...
Neuropsychological and adaptive outcomes in children
The literature documenting neuropsychological late effects in children treated for brain tumors is extensive 23, 41-43 . In survivors of childhood brain tumors, studies have consistently identified younger age at diagnosis and higher intensity of treatment as contributors to increased risk of developing neurocognitive deficits and learning disabilities. Recent studies document the added contribution of hydrocephalus and other medical complications as well as tumor location 44, 45 . For adults,...
Manifestations associated with preconceptual stage
With the exception of the unknown etiology category, ID secondary to a defined genetic disorder represents the most common etiology of ID. With advances in the field of molecular genetics and the successful sequencing of the genome, genetic etiologies are increasingly implicated in intellectual disabilities, and new genetic etiologies are identified on a regular basis. Typically, genetic abnormalities that contribute to ID come about at conception. These genetic abnormalities emerge due to a...
References Upo
1. Bax MC. Terminology and classification of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1964 11 295 7. 2. Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A, Goldstein M, Bax M, Damiano D, et al. A report the definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol Suppl 2007 109 8 14. 3. Odding E, Roebroeck ME, Stam H J. The epidemiology of cerebral palsy Incidence, impairments and risk factors. Disabil Rehabil 2006 28 183 91. 4. Hagberg B, Sanner G, Steen M. Disequilibrium syndrome in cerebral palsy...
Interventions for written expression
Research is limited regarding assessment and intervention of written expression. Unlike reading and mathematics which have definite input and output characteristics , written expression is predominantly an output task. As a result, approaches taken with intervention are often focused on how a child reaches the final product. For example, the ability to accurately spell words is an integral component ofwritten expression. Research indicates that children who have spelling deficits often present...
Neurocognitive outcomes
Pediatric leukemia and lymphoma survivors may suffer from neurocognitive impairment on a transient i.e. acute or lasting i.e. late effects basis in one or more domains that impede learning new information along with maintaining previously learned information, ultimately leading to declines in intelligence and academic and vocational success, as well as lowered self-esteem and behavioral disorders. Adult survivors of pediatric ALL treated with chemotherapy were 1.6 and 2.0 times as likely to...
Etiology of hearing loss
Knowing the etiology of a hearing loss is essential to understanding its potential impact on development Table 10a.1 . While hearing loss itself does not cause Table 10a.1. Etiology of hearing loss. Table 10a.1. Etiology of hearing loss. Neurological neuropsychological correlates Range of sensorineuralhearing loss from unilateralto bilateral, characteristically a low frequency hearing loss No known cognitive, psychiatric or neurological implications Sensorineuralhearing loss coupled with vision...
Culture
Over the past several years, the American Psychological Association APA has made multicultural education, training, research, and practice a high priority within the field of psychology 7 . However, in concert with this positive effort, there has remained some confusion and even controversy about the precise definitions of race, culture, and ethnicity, and how they are best emphasized in practice, training, and research. These three constructs are often used interchangeably, which contributes...
Dreisbach Ballard Russo 2001
1. Kolb B, Whishaw IQ. Neurological disorders. In Atkinson RC, Lindzey G, Thompson R, eds. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. New York Worth Publishers 2003 697 722. 2. Williams J, Sharp G. Epilepsy. In Yeates K, Ris M, Taylor H, eds. Pediatric Neuropsychology Research, Theory, and Practice. New York The Guilford Press 2000 47 73. 3. Julien RM. A Primer of Drug Action A Comprehensive Guide to the Actions, Uses and Side Effects of Psychoactive Drugs. New York Worth Publishers 2004. 4....