Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are by far the most abundant class of renewables. The big three among the carbohydrates Figure 2.6 are the glucose polymers glucans , cellulose and starch, and the disaccharide sucrose. Chitin is also widespread, but its actual production from waste material of the seafood industry is small. Its monomer, glucosamine, is receiving much attention as a health supplement. Some natural polysaccharides find use 31 as thickening and stabilizing agents hydrocolloids 32 in food and...
Selective CO Oxidation in Excess of H PrOx over the Nanostructured CuxCexOy
To lower the cost and improve the selectivity of the catalyst, a novel nonstoichio-metric nanostructured CuxCe1-xO2-y catalyst for the selective low-temperature oxi dation of CO in excess of H2 was synthesized by coprecipitation and sol-gel methods these methods have been patented 18, 34 . The sol-gel method of catalyst preparation is particularly convenient for deposition on diverse geometries of support i.e., honeycomb supports and on reactors that can be used in PrOx processes. This type of...
Info Ktl
Note Energy content is based on dry material. the disposal of postconsumer items.1213 Plastic articles that are used once and then disposed of are targeted as the primary market areas, such as food-packaging films, foams, bags, food-service items containers of milk, water, soft-drinks , mulching films, and transplanting .14 It is, however, taken for granted that infrastructures have to be available to allow for their biorecycling as a final stage of their recovery. Biopolymers can, in contrast...
Martin Weiss and Martin Patel
7.2 Methodology of Life-Cycle 7.3 Analysis and Comparison of Life-Cycle Assessment Studies 140 7.3.1.1 Nonrenewable Energy 7.3.1.2 Global Warming 7.3.1.3 Eutrophication 7.3.1.4 Acidification 7.3.2 Specific Results by Categories of Biomass Utilization 147 Appendix Abbreviations and
Gajanana Hegde and Chem V Nayar CONTENTS
16.1 Introduction 16.2 PV Applications Present Status and Emerging Trends 338 16.3 Market Development of PV Systems Summary of Models for Implementation 16.3.1 Considerations in Selecting an Implementation Model 343 16.3.2 Cash Sales Model 16.3.3 Dealer Credit End-User Credit 16.3.4 Fee for Service or Fee for 16.4 Sources of Financing for PV-Based Rural Electrification 346 16.4.1 Overview of 16.4.2 International Concessionary Financing 16.4.3 National and Commercial Financing 16.5 Marketing...
Carlos R Apesteguia
15.1 Introduction 15.2 Green Catalytic Processes in the Synthesis of Fine 15.2.1 Introduction 15.2.2 Sample Preparation and Characterization 15.2.3 Catalytic Results 15.3 Sustainable Catalytic Processes in the Synthesis of Fine 15.3.1 Introduction 15.3.2 Sample Preparation and Characterization 15.3.3 Catalytic Results 15.4 Biodiesel from Low-Value Raw Materials 15.4.1 Introduction 15.4.2 Materials and Methods 15.4.3 Catalytic Results
Conclusions
The accumulation of plastic waste and problems connected with waste collection and eventual recycling are promoting interest in the use of plastic materials suitable for biorecycling, particularly in compost plants. The worldwide available biomass could largely supply low-cost polymeric matrices and fillers for bioplastics produc tion without competing with food production. Thus the use of by-products and waste from agricultural, ethanol, dairy, and pharmaceutical industries, among others, is...
Info 1
FIGURE 4.2 Formation of levulinic acid from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. FIGURE 4.3 Catalytic conversion of sucrose. catalyst RuCl3, 0.006 mol l tris 3-sulfonatophenyl phosphane trisodium salt TPPTS , 0.02 mol l Nal, 0.008 mol l , the formation of levulinic acid, formic acid, Y-valerolactone, and a polyol was observed by high-pressure nuclear magnetic resonance NMR Figure 4.3 . We have confirmed that the formation of levulinic acid is due to sulfuric acid-catalyzed dehydration of sucrose. It should...
Palm Oil As Diesel Substitute
Many researchers have investigated the possibility of using vegetable oils straight or blended as a diesel substitute. A good account of their attempts was reported in the 1983 JAOCS Symposium on Vegetable Oils as Diesel Fuels Klopfenstein and Walker, 1983 Pryde 1983 Strayer et al., 1983 . The symposium revealed that vegetable oils have good potential as alternative fuels if some problems could be overcome satisfactorily. These include high viscosity, low volatility, and the reactivity...
Technical Realizations
A single fuel cell, as depicted in Figure 12.1, is capable of delivering a voltage of about 0.7 to 0.9 V under operating conditions. According to today's standards, a typical current density of an MCFC is at about 150 mA cm2, so a cell of 1 m2 size delivers approximately 1 kW electric power. To obtain systems with higher power, several cells are combined in a cell stack Figure 12.2 . From the chemical engineering point of view, these are parallel reactors from the electric point of view, this...
INTRODUCTION Hqh
Over the last 40 years, the Malaysian palm oil industry has grown by leaps and bounds to become the world's largest producer and exporter of palm oil and its products. In 2004, Malaysia had about 3.87 million hectares Ha of land under oil palm cultivation. There were also 380 palm oil mills processing about 70 million tonnes t of fresh fruit bunch FFB to produce 13.98 million t of crude palm oil CPO . The total export earnings of palm oil products, constituting refined palm oil, palm kernel...
Fuel Cells
The principle of the fuel cell was first discovered in 1839 by Sir William R. Grove, who used hydrogen and oxygen as fuels catalyzed on platinum electrodes 18 . A fuel cell is defined as an electrochemical device in which the chemical energy stored in a fuel is converted directly into electricity. A fuel cell consists of an anode negatively charged electrode to which a fuel, commonly hydrogen, is supplied, and a cathode positively charged electrode to which an oxidant, commonly oxygen, is...
Stanko Hocevar
8.1 Introduction 8.2 General Pathways for Hydrogen Production 8.2.1 Thermochemical Pathways for Hydrogen Production 166 8.2.2 Hydrogen Production from Sustainable and Renewable Feedstock 8.3 Hydrogen Cleaning Processes 8.3.1 Water-Gas-Shift Reaction 8.3.1.1 Catalytic Activity 8.3.1.2 Influence of the Oxygen Storage Capacity 180 8.3.1.3 Influence of Feed-Gas Composition, H2O CO Ratio, and Presence of Hydrogen 8.3.1.4 Methanation 8.3.1.5 Influence of Contact Time 8.3.2 Selective CO Oxidation in...
The Monoterpenes
Limonene and a- and p-pinene can be regarded as natural key molecules for the monoterpene C10 sector of the fragrance industry. Limonene is a component of orange and lemon peels different enantiomers present and is a cheap by-product of the citrus industry. The two pinenes are major components of crude sulfate turpentine CST , a by-product of wood processing, and are relatively inexpensive starting compounds. Catalytic conversions in the monoterpene field have recently been reviewed 22 . For...
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION METHODS Hydrogen Production by Reforming
Figure 11.2 outlines the main options available for production of H2 for use as an energy source. It should be noted that the hydrogen economy envisages combined FIGURE 11.2 Scheme of the main options for the production of hydrogen. FIGURE 11.2 Scheme of the main options for the production of hydrogen. H2 and electricity generation. Electricity generation from nuclear energy could also be included in the scheme, but this is not an option available everywhere. Clearly, the choice is quite...
End Use Of Hydrogen In Automobiles
It is often stated that H2 is not a primary source of fuel like coal or petroleum but is, rather, an energy vector that must be converted into electrical energy. However, H2 can also be used directly in an internal-combustion engine. Initial investigations into direct combustion were performed in the 1970s, where H2 was mixed with gasoline to lower the combustion temperature and thus reduce NO, emissions. The idea of a hydrogen-only internal-combustion engine H2 ICE is now under serious...
Info Mmb
ASTM D1298 Sulfur content wt IP 242 Gross heat of combustion 45,050 45,340 45,160 45,095 45,085 45,015 39,260 kJ kg ASTM D240 Flash point C ASTM D93 ASTM D92 Palm diesel has been fully evaluated as a potential diesel substitute and die-sel cetane improver. Low-pour-point palm diesel -21 C without any additives has been produced to meet stringent winter diesel specifications. The palm diesel is an environmentally benign fuel substitute in terms of exhaust gas emission. Blends of CPO MFO and...
Main Chemical Reactions of Biomass Gasification
Main Reactions Occurring in a Gasifier VOC CH4 C C 1 2 O2 CO CO 1 2 O2 CO2 H2 1 2 O2 H2O C H2O CO H2 C CO, 2 CO CO H2O CO2 h2 CO2 4 H2 CH4 2 H2O lt 0 -111 -254 -242 131 172 -75 -206 -41 -165 Adapted from Sutton, D., Kelleher, B., and Ross J.H.R., Fuel Processing Technology, 73, 155, 2001. Catalysts for use in biomass conversion can be divided into two distinct groups, depending on the position of the catalytic reactor relative to that of the gasifier in the gasification process. The first group...
Biomass To Transportation Fuels
There is a growing interest in processes that convert biomass to green transportation fuels or to fuel boosters. Some options are given in Figure 2.1. On a large and rapidly increasing scale, hydrolysis of the polysaccharide starch and the disaccharide sucrose to the monosaccharides is carried out, followed by fermentation to ethanol. Two ethanol and two CO2 molecules are formed from one C6-monosaccharide glucose . The largest ethanol producers are Brazil 7, 8 and the United States. 9 ....
Enhancements In The Profitability Of Pha Production
6.2.1 Factors Influencing the Profitability of Bioplastic Production Conventional plastics like polyethylene PE and polypropylene PP are produced at a price of less than US 1 kg. In 1995, the Monsanto Company sold PHA products at about 17 times the price of petrol-based plastics. It is clear that to achieve a truly cost-effective process, all production steps must be taken into account 15 . Hanggi pointed out that the raw materials constitute the major part of the production cost for...
General Pathways For Hydrogen Production
A simple general scheme for hydrogen production is given in Figure 8.7, while Table 8.4 lists the major hydrogen production processes from various feedstocks, convenient energy sources to drive these processes, and the emissions that each process produces 11 . It can be quickly realized that the only feedstock from which hydrogen can be produced without emissions is water. However, one has quite a number of possible processes to produce hydrogen from water. Further on, we shall focus on the...
Emo Chiellini Patrizia Cinelli and Andrea Corti
5.1.1 Petro Polymers and Biopolymers Remarks on Environmental 5.1.2 Petro Polymers and Biopolymers Economic Considerations 65 5.1.3 Polyvinylics 5.2 Hybrid Polymer 5.2.1 Formulations for Hydro-Biomulching 5.2.2 Films and Laminates Based on PVA and Natural Fillers from Agroindustrial 5.2.3 Hybrid Composites by Injection Molding and Foaming 82 5.2.4 Biodegradation of Poly Vinyl 5.2.5 Oxo-Biodegradation of 5.2.6 Microbial Cell Biomass Production during the Biodegradation of
Catalytic Activity
In our laboratory, we have recently performed a kinetic study of WGS over the nanostructured CuxCe1-xO2-y catalysts 33 . Here, we summarize the interesting and relevant results of this ongoing study. While the H2O CO ratio is crucial for the performance of LT-WGS, it was particularly interesting to study the activity of catalysts at stoichiometric ratio and at H2O CO 3 1 ratio. Both are lower than those used in the commercial LT WGS processing of the gas exiting HT-WGS. This was done...
Sustainable Catalytic Processes In The Synthesis Of Fine Chemicals
Menthol is a fine chemical of significant industrial interest because it is widely employed in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, toothpastes, chewing gum, and cigarettes. The menthol molecule is a terpenoid containing three quiral centers that account for the four resulting enantiomers menthol, isomenthol, neomenthol, and neoisomenthol. Because each individual enantiomer forms two optical isomers the dextro and levo - isomers menthol comprises eight optically active isomers, but only - -menthol...
Acknowledgments 1
This work was funded by the Hungarian National Scientific Research Fund T047207 . High-pressure NMR tubes were donated by Exxon-Mobil Research and Engineering Company. We are grateful to the Department of Chemistry at Princeton University for donating a Bruker AC 250 NMR spectrometer and to the American Chemical Society for covering the shipping cost from Princeton to Budapest. 1. Aleklett, K., Campell, C.J., The Peak and Decline of World Oil and Gas Production, Minerals amp Energy 18, 5, 2003....
Inulin And Fructose
A relative newcomer in the carbohydrate field is inulin, a fructan Figure 2.9 consisting of p-linked 2 1 fructofuranose units with an a-glucopyranose unit at the reducing end. Inulin GFn is obtained in Belgium and The Netherlands from the roots of chicory. The average degree of polymerization is relatively low, n 12 45 . Small amounts of purefructan Fm, are also present in unulin. Another interesting inulin-containing crop is the Jerusalem artichoke 46 . Inulin is applied as a health additive...
Palm Oil Methyl Esters As Diesel Substitute
Biodiesel has gained much attention in recent years due to increasing environmental awareness. Biodiesel is produced from renewable plant resources and thus does not contribute to the net increase of carbon dioxide. From 1996 to 2004, the biodiesel production capacity in the European Union EU has increased by a factor of four from 591,000 t to a total of 2.355 million t Bockey, 2002 Bockey, 2004 . Further utilization of biodiesel is anticipated due to the initiative of the respective...
PART I Technologies for Application and Utilization
of Renewable Resources 1 Chapter 1 Rationale, Drivers, Standards, and Technology for Biobased Chapter 2 Biobased Key Molecules as Chemical Chapter 3 Industrial Chemistry with Nature-Based Bioprocesses 35 Chapter 4 Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates to Oxygenates 55 Hasan Mehdi, Robert Tuba, Laszlo T. Mika, Andrea Bodor, Kornel Torkos, and Istvan T. Horvath PART II Plastics and Materials from Renewable Chapter 5 Developments and Future Trends for Environmentally Degradable Emo Chiellini,...
Industrial Chemistry with NatureBased Bioprocesses
3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 White 3.1.2 Biotransformations in the Presence of Solvents 37 3.2 Whole-Cell Bioconversions of Organic Compounds in Two-Liquid-Phase Media with Solvent-Resistant Organisms 3.2.1 Microbial Growth in Solvents and 3.2.2 Whole-Cell Biocatalysis in Two-Liquid-Phase Media 39 3.2.3 Two-Liquid-Phase Whole-Cell Biocatalysis Reactor 40 3.2.4 Organisms Suitable as Hosts for Bioconversions in Two-Liquid-Phase 3.2.5 Space-Time Yields and Limitations 3.2.6 Downstream Processing 3.2.7...
Hydrogen Distribution And Onboard Storage
11.3.1 Hydrogen Distribution Systems It is arguable that in no other area is the scale of the challenge faced by a transition to a hydrogen economy greater than in the transport sector. This is because the FIGURE 11.4 Scheme of an integrated model of a hydrogen distribution system. FIGURE 11.4 Scheme of an integrated model of a hydrogen distribution system. difficulties posed are not only the technical problems of production, common to all sectors, but there is the added complication of...
Eddy Kool Van Langenberghe
I have enjoyed working with a large number of collaborators, each of whom has contributed to the concepts and data discussed in this chapter. I would like to particularly mention Marie-Jose de Smet, Roland Lageveen, Jaap Kingma, Eddy Kool van Langenberghe, Olivier Favre-Bulle, Hans Preusting, Marcel Wubbolts, Andrew Schmid, Renata Mathys, Sven Panke, Bruno Buhler, Jin Byung Park, and Andreas Schmid for their work and very enjoyable discussions regarding two-liquid-phase bioreaction systems. I...
By Pseudomonas Spp
PHAs are biocompatible and biodegradable thermoplastic polyesters that are made by many bacteria when these are grown on ample supplies of carbon sources and FIGURE 3.5 Freeze fracture electron micrograph of P. oleovorans cells growing in a two-liquid-phase medium containing 85 aqueous phase and 15 octane. EM photo by Jaap Kingma and Hans Preusting, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, 1990. FIGURE 3.5 Freeze fracture electron micrograph of P. oleovorans cells growing in a two-liquid-phase...
Influence of the Oxygen Storage Capacity
The cerium oxide catalysts are known for their high oxygen storage capacity, and it is clear that the cerium oxide has a direct role in the catalytic activity. However, the function of ceria and how the metal component promotes the WGS reaction is not clear. Some research groups 26, 27, 32 have claimed that the redox mechanism and oxygen storage capacity have a direct role in the WGS reaction. The other mechanism was proposed 28, 43 to proceed through the formation of surface-formate...
Methanation Reactions
When carrying out the WGS reaction, methane can be formed in the reactor through the methanation reaction, which is the reverse methane steam reforming reaction and is highly exothermal CO 3H2 lt - gt CH4 H2O AH -205.8 kJ mol 8.21 Methane is an undesired product in the WGS reaction, and for every CH4 molecule formed, two H2 molecules are taken away from the product stream. Figure 8.14 shows two WGS equilibrium curves for the hydrogen-containing conditions. The upper dashed line is the WGS...
Polyvinylics Biodegradation
Of the current worldwide production of synthetic polymers, nearly 90 is represented by full-carbon-backbone macromolecular systems polyvinylics and polyvi-nylidenics ,49 and 35 to 45 of production is for one-time-use items disposables and packaging . Therefore, it is reasonable to envisage a dramatic environmental impact attributable to the accumulation of plastic litter and waste constituted by full-carbon-backbone polymers, which are recalcitrant to physical, chemical, and biological...
Olivia L Castillo CONTENTS
13.3 Main 13.4 Renewable Energy 13.5 Asian Development Bank's PREGA 13.7 Status of Renewable Resources in Developed 13.8 Status of Renewable Resources in Less-Developed Countries 296 13.8.3 Sri 13.8.8 People's Republic of China 13.9 Conclusions and The Asia Pacific region holds about one-third of the world's population. Poverty alleviation or eradication should be the centerpiece and platform of governments in the region. The majority of the donor organizations, like the World Bank, the Asian...
Hasan Mehdi Robert Tuba Lszl T Mika Andrea Bodor Kornel Torkos and Istvn T
The sustainability of human civilization primarily depends on whether the energy requirements of its increasing population can be satisfied in the future. While the establishment of the exact date of the depletion of fossil fuels seems difficult, skyrocketing oil and gas prices could come much earlier than 2050, as predicted by several studies.1 Efficient conversion of solar energy to electricity could open the way to the production of increasing amounts of hydrogen and finally to the...
Green Catalytic Processes In The Synthesis Of Fine Chemicals
Aromatic ketones are valuable intermediate compounds in the synthesis of important fragrances and pharmaceuticals. In many cases, these compounds are currently obtained in homogeneous processes via Friedel-Crafts acylations. However, Friedel-Crafts acylations are real and alarming examples of very widely used acid-catalyzed reactions that are based on 100-year-old chemistry and are extremely wasteful. Replacement of AlCl3 Friedel-Crafts catalysts by solid acids for acylation reactions would...
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Jow
The authors would like to thank Veronika Dornburg from Utrecht University, The Netherlands Stefan Bringezu from the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Germany and Hermann Heilmeier from the Technical University Bergakademie, Freiberg, Germany, for their valuable contributions to the comparison of LCA studies presented in this chapter. 1. Dornburg, V., Lewandowski, I., and Patel, M., Comparing the land requirements, energy savings, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction of...
Contributors
Department of Industrial Chemistry and Materials Science University of Bologna Italy Institut of Research in Catalysis and Department of Industrial Chemistry and Materials Science University of Bologna Italy Malaysian Palm Oil Board Selangor, Malaysia Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Chemistry E tv s University Budapest, Hungary Institute of Biotechnology amp Biochemical Engineering Graz University of Technology Austria Institute of Biotechnology amp Biochemical Engineering...
Conclusions And Perspectives
It is clear that many of the technologies necessary for the transition to the hydrogen economy are technically possible. The main problem is their high cost. Indeed, the possibility must be accepted that equivalent or lower costs than the current situation may never be achieved. However, cost is not the only issue, and the need to replace fossil fuels as well as environmental benefits must also be considered. Furthermore, as there now appears to be a firm commitment to research and development...
Rationale And Drivers For Biobased Products
Manufacturers traditionally have not concerned themselves with the impact on the environment of using various feedstocks. They have also not worried about the FIGURE 1.2 Biomass resources production and utilization. ultimate disposability of their products. The products of the future must be designed from conception to reincarnation or cradle to cradle using holistic life-cycle concepts. The use of annually renewable biomass corn, cellulosics, soy, or other vegetable oils, as opposed to...
Preface About Renewable Resources
The continuous increase of the world population, especially in developing countries, is exponentially escalating the requirements for energy and raw materials. These goods represent the fundamental needs to ensure sustainable human development. The limited availability of resources makes urgent the adoption of suitable strategies in the raw materials and energy sectors in order to prevent an economic and social emergency that, in the absence of adequate strategies not even considering...
Future Challenges And Developments
The current developments in the field of MCFC aim at adapting it to new applications and lowering its production costs. Investment costs per installed nominal power are expected to remain slightly higher than those of classical units, but the higher system efficiency, in the form of lower fuel consumption, should overcompensate that. Especially with fuel prices expected to rise in the future, fuel efficiency and fuel costs will become increasingly important. To further increase the area of...
Wholecell Bioconversions Of Organic Compounds In Twoliquidphase Media With
3.2.1 Microbial Growth in Solvents and Emulsions It has been known for at least a century that some microorganisms are capable of growing in the presence of organic solvents, and in some cases they can metabolize solvents as sources of energy and carbon Fairhall 1920 Hopkins and Chibnall 1932 . In nature, such organisms play a role in the biodegradation of aliphatic and aromatic components in oil. They have been isolated from natural oil deposits or soil, from human-made oil wells, from oil...
Biobased Feedstocks
Cellulose Derivatives CA, CAB Starch graft copolymers amp reactive blends Plasticizers Process aids FIGURE 1.6 Direct extraction of biomass to provide biopolymers for use in manufacture of biobased products. FIGURE 1.7 Conversion to biomonomers and other chemicals and polymers. FIGURE 1.7 Conversion to biomonomers and other chemicals and polymers. short-life, single-use, disposable packaging materials and consumer products can and should be engineered to retain inherent biodegradability...
Info Gkg
FIGURE 5.10 Time variation of the CO2 production of PVA OR blends in compost soil degradation test. FIGURE 5.11 Time variation of the extent of mineralization of PVA OR blends in compost soil degradation test. FIGURE 5.11 Time variation of the extent of mineralization of PVA OR blends in compost soil degradation test. a recent study on PVA starch plastic degradation in activated sludge, it was observed that PVA degradation occurred only if PVA-degrading bacterium or enzyme were added to the...
Biogas From Pome
Besides the solid residues, palm oil mills also generate large quantities of liquid waste in the form of palm oil mill effluent POME , which, due to its high biochemical oxygen demand BOD , is required by law to be treated to acceptable levels before it can be discharged into watercourses or onto land. In a conventional palm oil mill, about 0.7 m3 of POME is generated for every tonne of FFB processed. Hence in 2004, about 49 million m3 of POME was generated in this country. The palm oil mills...