B Checklist for Indicators and Triggers in a Drought Plan
In addition to the above criteria and considerations, we provide a checklist below. Note that these pertain only to the indicators and triggers portion of a drought plan. Many other drought plan components are important, such as communication and coordination among agencies responsible for monitoring the indicators and implementing the responses if they are triggered see Chapter 5 . Nonetheless, this list offers a straightforward set of metrics to check 1. Indicator specification and...
Agriculture In The Us Great Plains
Despite the richness of this literature on institutions and environmental affairs, there is room for additional research on the institutional design criteria that lead to effective water management in general and drought management whether anticipatory or reactive in particular. We return to the case of the U.S. Great Plains. Substantial evidence exists about specific water management successes and failures in this region e.g., Glantz, 1994 Riebsame, 1990 Riebsame, 1991 Webb, 1931 . The fact...
I Introduction A New Era Of Water Scarcity Or An Old Error Of Water Waste
The discovery from tree rings of ancient drought cycles, the emergence of centuries-old shipwrecks on drying riverbeds, and the forecasts of unruly climate change and variability can easily stir fear for our water future in both scientist and citizen alike. Yet such conditions need not be predictors of our water fate. Exactly how the water demands of the 21st century's growing population will be met is, indeed, a formidable challenge. Half of the world's 6 billion people now live in urban...
A The Concept and Components of the System
The drier environments, the steppe, or, as they are called in the Arab world, Al Badia, occupy the vast majority of the dry Amount of supplemental irrigation mm Figure 4 SI production functions for wheat in different rainfall zones in Syria. Adapted from Oweis, 1997. Amount of supplemental irrigation mm Figure 4 SI production functions for wheat in different rainfall zones in Syria. Adapted from Oweis, 1997. areas. The disadvantaged people, who depend mainly on livestock grazing, generally live...
References 1
Alley WM. The Palmer Drought Severity Index Limitations and assumptions. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 23 100-109, 1984. Brown JF, T Tadesse, BC Reed. Integrating satellite and climate data for US drought mapping and monitoring first steps. Proceeding of 15th Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology, pp. 147-150, Kansas City, MO, 2002. Garen DC. Revised Surface-Water Supply Index for western United States. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 119 437-454, 1993....
REFERENCES Tqq
Adams, WM. How beautiful is small Scale, control and success in Kenyan irrigation. World Development 18 10 1309-1323, 1990. Adger, WN Kelly, PM. Social vulnerability to climate change and the architecture of entitlements. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 4 3-4 253-266, 1999. Andrews, CJ. Humble Analysis The Practice of Joint Fact-Finding. Westport, CT Praeger, 2002. Avalos, M DeYoung, T. Preferences for water policy in the Ogallala region of New Mexico Distributive vs....
B Water Harvesting Techniques
Water harvesting techniques may be classified into two major types, based on the size of the catchment Figure 6 micro-catchment systems and macro-catchment systems Oweis et al., 2001 . Surface runoff in micro-catchment systems is collected from small catchments usually less than 1000 m2 and applied to an adjacent agricultural area, where it is stored in the root zone and used directly by plants. The target area may be planted with trees, bushes, or annual crops. The farmer has control, within...
B Palmer Drought Severity Index PDSI and Palmer Hydrologic Drought Index PHDI
The PDSI, based on the Palmer Drought Model Palmer, 1965 , has been one of the most commonly used drought indicators in the United States. One reason for its popularity is that its development in 1965 preceded other indices and resulted in its widespread use and wide-ranging application. The PDSI is derived from a moisture balance model, using historic records of precipitation, temperature, and the local available water capacity of the soil. The PHDI uses a modification of the PDSI to assess...
REFERENCES Nzi
Agricultural Council of Australia and New Zealand ACANZ . Record and Resolutions 138th Meeting, Mackay, 24 July 1992 p. 13 . Commonwealth of Australia, 1992. Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand ARMCANZ . Record and Resolutions Twenty first Meeting, Darwin, 17 August 2001 p. 33 . Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia, 2001. American Meteorological Society. AMS Statement on Meteorological Drought pp. 847-849 . Boston, MA AMS, 1997. Amery R, the Hon MP. Howard...
CONTENTS Mqs
94 II. Planning for Drought The Process 96 III. Step 1 Appoint a Drought Task Force 98 IV. Step 2 State the Purpose and Objectives of the Drought 99 V. Step 3 Seek Stakeholder Participation and VI. Step 4 Inventory Resources and Identify Groups VII. Step 5 Establish and Write Drought Plan 103 A. Monitoring, Early Warning, and Prediction 104 B. Risk Assessment Committee 108 1. Task 1 Assemble the Team 109 2. Task 2 Drought Impact Assessment 110 3. Task 3 Ranking Impacts 111 4. Task 4...
Info Vhp
September. The explanatory variables used are the SOI value averaged over August and September and the total flow volume in August and September. We derive the forecast using the nonparametric seasonal forecast model described in Piechota et al. 2001 and express it as exceedance probabilities. Such forecasts closely approximate low-risk decisionmaking behavior and can be used as a direct input into the decision-making models. 1. FLOW Forecast derived from flow volume in August-September 2. SOI...
E Modeling Results
We ran models for each catchment over the 86-year period for every combination of pumping threshold, forecast, and decision-making method. The total gross margin achieved by the farm over the entire simulation period under each of the decision models and forecasting methods is charted for the 20th percentile Figure 3 and the 50th percentile Figure 4 pumping threshold, respectively. In each figure, the x axis labels the seven catchment identifiers and the y axis is the total gross margin in...
Vii Summary And Conclusion
Drought is an insidious natural hazard that is a normal part of the climate of virtually all regions. It should not be viewed as merely a physical phenomenon. Rather, drought is the result of the interplay between a natural event and the Risk-based drought policy and plans developed Drought early warning system implemented Drought early warning system implemented Drought mitigation actions implemented Policies to enhance social adaptive capacity, at both local and national scales All groups...
C Surface Water Supply Index
The SWSI, pronounced swazee, was developed by Shafer and Dezman 1982 to address limitations of the Palmer indices and incorporate water supply data, such as snow accumulation and melt, which are important in the western United States. The index is based on four components snowpack, streamflow, precipitation, and reservoir storage. Monthly data for each component are analyzed according to probabilities of occurrence, combined into an overall index, and weighted according to their relative...
B Water vs Land Productivity
Land productivity yield and water productivity WP are indicators for assessing the performance of supplemental irrigation. Higher water productivity is linked with higher yields. This parallel increase in yields and water productivity, however, does not continue linearly. At some high level of yield, greater amounts of irrigation water are required to achieve additional incremental yield increase. Water productivity of wheat Figure 3 starts to decline as yield per unit of land increases above...
A Okanagan Basin
The Okanagan basin is located in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada, situated around Okanagan Lake Figure 1 . The surface area of the basin is 8200 km2 Cohen and Kulkarni, 2001 . The Okanagan has a dry continental climate, because the valley sits in the rain shadow of the Coast and Cascade Mountain ranges. The semiarid climate receives approximately 30 cm of precipitation each year, of which 85 is lost through evapotranspiration from local lakes. The Figure 1 Okanagan and...
B Poplar and Red Basins
The Poplar River Figure 2 rises in Saskatchewan and flows southward, joining the Missouri River at Poplar, Montana. Roughly one-third of the basin is in Canada. The entire surface area of the basin is only 8620 km2. Because annual evapotranspiration usually exceeds precipitation, the climate is considered semiarid. The mean annual flow of the Poplar, where it joins the Missouri, is 3.8 m3 s, about three-quarters of that occurring as spring snowmelt runoff IJC, 1978 . This is equivalent to only...
Acknowledgments
This work received support from the National Science Foundation under grant CMS 9874391. Any opinions, findings, or conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Alley, WM. The Palmer Drought Severity Index Limitations and assumptions. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 23 1100-1109, 1984. AU-CBM Australia Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology . Climate Averages for Australian Sites. http www.bom.gov.au climate averages...
A Optimization of Supplemental Irrigation
Optimal SI in rain-fed areas is based on the following three criteria 1 water is applied to a rain-fed crop that would normally produce some yield without irrigation 2 because rainfall is the principal source of water for rain-fed crops, SI is applied only when rainfall fails to provide essential moisture for improved and stable production and 3 the amount and timing of SI are scheduled not to provide moisture stress-free conditions throughout the growing season, but to ensure a minimum amount...
C Great Lakes Basin
The Great Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario contain approximately 18 of the world's freshwater Government of Canada and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995 . This leads to a perception of an extraordinary abundance of water. Yet, only 1 of the water in the Great Lakes is renewable on an annual basis the rest is a legacy of deglaciation Gabriel and Kreutzwiser, 1993 . The Great Lakes basin including St. Lawrence River to Trois Rivi res contains the Canadian provinces...